It cannot properly be invoked to exclude the products of legitimate police investigative techniques on the ground that much conduct which is closely similar involves unwarranted intrusions upon constitutional protections. Where a reasonably prudent officer is warranted in the circumstances of a given case in believing that his safety or that of others is endangered, he may make a reasonable search for weapons of the person believed by him to be armed and dangerous.
Our first task is to establish at what point in this encounter the Fourth Amendment becomes relevant. Focusing the inquiry squarely on the dangers and demands of the particular situation also seems more likely to produce rules which are intelligible to the police and the public alike than requiring the officer in the heat of an unfolding encounter on the street to make a judgment as to which laws are "of limited public consequence.".

Mr. Chief Justice WARREN delivered the opinion of the Court. 210 (1948); Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 700—701, 51 S.Ct.

1623, 1632, 10 L.Ed.2d 726 (1963); Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 479—484, 83 S.Ct. The sole justification of the search in the present situation is the protection of the police officer and others nearby, and it must therefore be confined in scope to an intrusion reasonably designed to discover guns, knives, clubs, or other hidden instruments for the assault of the police officer. to make an on-the-street stop, interrogate and pat down for weapons (known in street vernacular as 'stop and frisk').

It seeks to isolate from constitutional scrutiny the initial stages of the contact between the policeman and the citizen. However, in acknowledging that no valid distinction could be maintained on the basis of its cases, the Court of Appeals continued to distinguish between the two in theory. The opinion of the Court disclaims the existence of 'probable cause.' We think, on the facts and circumstances Officer McFadden detailed before the trial judge, a reasonably prudent man would have been warranted in believing petitioner was armed, and thus presented a threat to the officer's safety while he was investigating his suspicious behavior. Beck v. Ohio, supra, at 97. Since the question in this and most cases is whether evidence produced by a frisk is admissible, the problem is to determine what makes a frisk reasonable. 436 (1948); United States v. Di Re, 332 U.S. 581, 593—595, 68 S.Ct. Flashcards. . Only when the officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen may we conclude that a "seizure" has occurred. [Footnote 3]. Reuben M. Payne, Cleveland, Ohio, for respondent. (f) An officer may make an intrusion short of arrest where he has reasonable apprehension of danger before being possessed of information justifying arrest. arrest, however, must, like any other search, be strictly circumscribed by the exigencies which justify its initiation. After the court denied their motion to suppress, Chilton and Terry waived jury trial and pleaded not guilty.
It is important, we think, that this requirement [of probable cause] be strictly enforced, for the standard set by the Constitution protects both the officer and the citizen.


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